Early music made heavy use of the Church modes, which are pitch collections which pre-date the modern Major/minor system. Most of these chords and modes are commonly used in jazz; and were in common use in the bebop era.
It is more common for musicians to understand the term "mode" to refer to Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, or Locrian scales. In everyday speech, this is the most common understanding.
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Starting pitches:
"Do" Ionian
"Re" Dorian
"Mi" Phrygian
"Fa" Lydian
"So" Mixolydian
"La" Aeolian
"Ti" Locrian
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